BACKGROUND: Substantial additional efforts are needed to prevent, find and successfully treat tuberculosis (TB) in South Africa (SA). In the past decade, an increasing body of mathematical modelling research has investigated the population-level impact of TB prevention and care interventions. To date, this evidence has not been assessed in the SA context OBJECTIVE: To systematically review mathematical modelling studies that estimated the impact of interventions towards the World Health Organization's End TB Strategy targets for TB incidence, TB deaths and catastrophic costs due to TB in SA METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases for studies that used transmission-dynamic models of TB in SA and reported on at least one of the End TB Strategy targets at population level. We described study populations, type of interventions and their target groups, and estimates of impact and other key findings. For studies of country-level interventions, we estimated average annual percentage declines (AAPDs) in TB incidence and mortality attributable to the intervention RESULTS: We identified 29 studies that met our inclusion criteria, of which 7 modelled TB preventive interventions (vaccination, antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV, TB preventive treatment (TPT)), 12 considered interventions along the care cascade for TB (screening/case finding, reducing initial loss to follow-up, diagnostic and treatment interventions), and 10 modelled combinations of preventive and care-cascade interventions. Only one study focused on reducing catastrophic costs due to TB. The highest impact of a single intervention was estimated in studies of TB vaccination, TPT among people living with HIV, and scale-up of ART. For preventive interventions, AAPDs for TB incidence varied between 0.06% and 7.07%, and for care-cascade interventions between 0.05% and 3.27% CONCLUSION: We describe a body of mathematical modelling research with a focus on TB prevention and care in SA. We found higher estimates of impact reported in studies of preventive interventions, highlighting the need to invest in TB prevention in SA. However, study heterogeneity and inconsistent baseline scenarios limit the ability to compare impact estimates between studies. Combinations, rather than single interventions, are likely needed to reach the End TB Strategy targets in SA

Foi descoberto que os fígados de peixes da região Amazônica possuem quantidades apreciáveis das vitaminas A, D e E, em paralelo com os valores padronizados para o óleo de fígado de Bacalhau. O óleo de fígado de tambaqui apresentou elevada concentração de vitamina A1 (retinol) e vitamina A2(dehidroretinol), enquanto que nos óleos de fígados do pirarucu e cuiu-cuiu ocorre, preferentemente, a vitamina A2. O teor em vitaminas D e E observado nos óleos de fígados de tambaqui e cuiu-cuiu foi extremamente alto.

It was found that fish livers from the Amazon have considerable amounts of vitamins A, D and E compared with the values of the standartized cod-liver oil. Tambaqui liver oil has high concentration of vitamin A1(retinol) and vitamin A2 (degidroretinol) whereas the liver oils of pirarucu and cuiu-cuiu have preferently the vitamin A2. The contents of the vitamins D and E observed in the liver oils of tambaqui and cuiu-cuiu was extremely high.

Resumo No começo de um levantamento da composição química de frutos e legumes da região amazônica, adaptou-se métodos analíticos para a determinação de pro-vitamina A (β —caroteno), vitamina C (ácido ascórbico) e vitamina E (tocoferol), através da cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (HPLC). As primeiras análises indicam como excelentes fontes de β— caroteno, Mauritia flexuosa L., Astrocaryum tucuma Mart., e Cucurbita pepo L., de ácido ascórbico, Theobroma grandiflorum (Culis ex Spreng.) e de vitamina E, Mauritia flexuosa L. e Euterpe oleracea Mart.

Summary At the beginning of on inventory of the chemical composition of regional fruits and vegetables of the Amazon, analytical methods were adapted for the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of pro-vitamin A (β—carotene), vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol) The first analyses indicate as excellent sources of β—carotene, Mauritia flexuosa L., Astrocaryum tucuma Mart. and Cucurbita pepa L.; of asco bic acid Theobroma grandiflorum (Culis ex Spreng.) Schum. and Gnetum paniculatum Spr. ex Ben. th. and of vitamin E, Mauritia flexuosa L. and Euterpe oleracea Mart.

Summary A method for a rapid determination of cocaine from Eriythroxylum using high-liquid pressure chromatography (HPLC) is described.